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Reconstructed Proto-Yigó words: Difference between revisions

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This list contains all reconstructed words in [[Proto-Yigó]], reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.
== Numbers ==
== Numbers ==


{| class="wikitable" |}
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
|
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" | [[Azarūra-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁unēgy₁a'''; "one"
| shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/
| shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/
| siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/
| siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/
| sunyega (сунега) /sunjega/
| сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae'''; "two"
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae'''; "two"
| zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/
| zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/
| ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/
| ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/
| zosaja (зосажа) /zosaʝa/
| зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three"
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁āny₁irtʰ'''; "three"
| mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/
| mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/
| nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/
| nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/
| nyanirth (нянирþ) /njaniɾθ/
| нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four"
! scope="row" | '''*nolâegy₁e'''; "four"
| nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/
| nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/
| nolegi /nolegi/ > /nɔlɛji/
| noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/
| nolyage (нолягэ) /noljage/
| нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gy₁ūzw₁a'''; "five"
! scope="row" | '''*gy₁ūzw₁a'''; "five"
| jūv /ʝu:β/
| jūv /ʝu:β/
| giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/
| giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/
| gyuza (гюза) /gjuza/
| гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁iny₂âe'''; "ten"
! scope="row" | '''*zy₁iny₂âe'''; "ten"
| zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/
| zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/
| zini /zini/ > /ʒini/
| zini /zini/ > /ʒini/
| zinya (зиня) /zinja/
| зиня (zinya) /zinja/
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" |}
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
|
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" | [[Azarūra-Geruriza|Azaryura-Geruriza (Азарюра-Геруриза)]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me"
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*enw₁a'''; "I/me"
| em /em/
| em /em/
| eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/
| eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/
Line 54: Line 56:
| wiceh /wiçə/
| wiceh /wiçə/
| uike /wike/ > /wije/
| uike /wike/ > /wije/
| вика (vika) /βika/
| вика (wika) /βika/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁āez'''; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun)
! scope="row" | '''*ny₁āez'''; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun)
Line 64: Line 66:
| nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix)
| nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix)
| none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix)
| none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix)
| няна (nyana) /nanja/
| наня (nanya) /nanja/
|-
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio"
! scope="row" | '''*gʰeus'''; "trio"
Line 75: Line 77:
| nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/
| nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/
| няка (nyaka) /njaka/
| няка (nyaka) /njaka/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kʰw₁e-"; (negative prefix)
| pʰe- /pʰe/
| kue- /kwe/ > /kwe/
| хэ- (he-) /xe/
|}
== Tense Suffixes ==
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*-nw₁iky₁a'''; (gnomic suffix)
| -mic /miç/
| -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/
|
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-kʰol'''; (future suffix)
| -kʰol /kʰol/
| -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/
| хол (hol) /xol/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-nw₁ey₃ae'''; (perfect past suffix)
| -meyeh /mejə/
| -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/
| нэжа (neja) /neʒa/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-dʰār'''; (imperfect past suffix)
| -dʰal /dʰal/
|
| ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-gy₁onw₁a'''; (perfect present tense)
| -jom /ʝom/
| -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/
| гона (gona) /gona/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*-zāe'''; (imperfect present tense)
| -zae /zæ/
|
| зя (zya) /zja/
|}
== Conjunctions and Prepositions ==
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*dāgʰ'''; "and"
| dagʰ /dagʰ/
| dog /dog/ > /dɔg/
| дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*noisw₃ī'''; "or"
| noifwī /nojɸwi:/
| nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/
| ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*ty₂onâ'''; "to"
|
| tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/
| -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix)
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sotautʰ'''; "from"
|
| sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/
| -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix)
|-
! scope= "row" | '''*tōgʰ'''; "except"
| tōgʰ /to:gʰ/
| tug /tug/ > /tug/
| тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/
|}
== Colors ==
{| class="wikitable" |}
|
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Krenu]]
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]]
|-
! scope="row" style="width: 100px;" | '''*sy₁īnlūky₁a'''; "white"
| shīmlūc /ʃi:nlu:ç/
| sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/
| сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*kezny₁aw₂ō'''; "black"
| kezngwō /kezŋwo:/
| kezniu /keznju/ > /çɛznju/
| кэзнавё (keznavyo) /keznaβjo/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*zy₃aunw₁īs'''; "red"
| zhaumīs /ʒawmi:s/
| zionuis /zjonwis/ > /ʒɔnwis/
| зажаунйс (zajaunyis) /zaʒawnjis/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gūtw₁aroiny₁āe'''; "orange"
| gūploingae /gu:plojŋæ/
| gutorini /gutoɾini/ > /gudɔɾini/
| гютароиня (gyutaroinya) /gjutaɾojnja/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*nw₁aisy₁atā'''; "yellow"
| maishta /majʃta/
| nueseto /nweseto/ > /nwɛzɛdɔ/
| наисатя (naisatya) /najsatja/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gozēlny₁a'''; "green/blue"
| gozēlng /goze:lŋ/
| gozilne /gozilne/ > /gɔzilnɛ/
| гозелна (gozyelna) /gozjelna/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*gʰw₁arây₂ae'''; "indigo/violet"
| bʰlāyeh /bʰla:jə/
| gorugi /goɾwi/ > /gɔɾwi/
| gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/
|-
! scope="row" | '''*sw₂itʰgʰaz'''; "pink"
| switʰgʰaz /switʰgʰaz/
| suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/
| свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 00:55, 11 July 2025

This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó, reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.

Numbers

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*sy₁unēgy₁a; "one" shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/ сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/
*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae; "two" zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/
*nw₁āny₁irtʰ; "three" mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/ nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/
*nolâegy₁e; "four" nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/ нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/
*gy₁ūzw₁a; "five" jūv /ʝu:β/ giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/
*zy₁iny₂âe; "ten" zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ зиня (zinya) /zinja/

Pronouns and Important Morphemes

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*enw₁a; "I/me" em /em/ eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/ эна (ena) /ena/
*w₂iky₁ae; "you" wiceh /wiçə/ uike /wike/ > /wije/ вика (wika) /βika/
*ny₁āez; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) ngaez /ŋæz/ niz /niz/ > /niz/ няз (nyaz) /njaz/
*nāny₁a; "many" nang /naŋ/; nan- (plural prefix) none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/; none- (plural prefix) наня (nanya) /nanja/
*gʰeus; "trio" gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix) gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group"
*nw₁āky₁a; (derivative suffix) mac /maç/ nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ няка (nyaka) /njaka/
*kʰw₁e-"; (negative prefix) pʰe- /pʰe/ kue- /kwe/ > /kwe/ хэ- (he-) /xe/

Tense Suffixes

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*-nw₁iky₁a; (gnomic suffix) -mic /miç/ -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/
*-kʰol; (future suffix) -kʰol /kʰol/ -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ хол (hol) /xol/
*-nw₁ey₃ae; (perfect past suffix) -meyeh /mejə/ -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ нэжа (neja) /neʒa/
*-dʰār; (imperfect past suffix) -dʰal /dʰal/ ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/
*-gy₁onw₁a; (perfect present tense) -jom /ʝom/ -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ гона (gona) /gona/
*-zāe; (imperfect present tense) -zae /zæ/ зя (zya) /zja/

Conjunctions and Prepositions

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*dāgʰ; "and" dagʰ /dagʰ/ dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/
*noisw₃ī; "or" noifwī /nojɸwi:/ nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/
*ty₂onâ; "to" tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix)
*sotautʰ; "from" sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix)
*tōgʰ; "except" tōgʰ /to:gʰ/ tug /tug/ > /tug/ тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/

Colors

Old Yéshvwae Krenu Азарюра-Геруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)
*sy₁īnlūky₁a; "white" shīmlūc /ʃi:nlu:ç/ sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/
*kezny₁aw₂ō; "black" kezngwō /kezŋwo:/ kezniu /keznju/ > /çɛznju/ кэзнавё (keznavyo) /keznaβjo/
*zy₃aunw₁īs; "red" zhaumīs /ʒawmi:s/ zionuis /zjonwis/ > /ʒɔnwis/ зажаунйс (zajaunyis) /zaʒawnjis/
*gūtw₁aroiny₁āe; "orange" gūploingae /gu:plojŋæ/ gutorini /gutoɾini/ > /gudɔɾini/ гютароиня (gyutaroinya) /gjutaɾojnja/
*nw₁aisy₁atā; "yellow" maishta /majʃta/ nueseto /nweseto/ > /nwɛzɛdɔ/ наисатя (naisatya) /najsatja/
*gozēlny₁a; "green/blue" gozēlng /goze:lŋ/ gozilne /gozilne/ > /gɔzilnɛ/ гозелна (gozyelna) /gozjelna/
*gʰw₁arây₂ae; "indigo/violet" bʰlāyeh /bʰla:jə/ gorugi /goɾwi/ > /gɔɾwi/ gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/
*sw₂itʰgʰaz; "pink" switʰgʰaz /switʰgʰaz/ suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/
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