Proto-Yigó: Difference between revisions
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'''Proto-Yigó''' is a reconstructed [[:Category:Proto-Language|proto-language]] spoken on the main island of [[Yigó]]. | '''Proto-Yigó''' is a reconstructed [[:Category:Proto-Language|proto-language]] spoken on the main island of [[Yigó]]. | ||
[[File:Proto- | [[File:Proto-Yigó_Family.png|700px]] | ||
{{Short Description|The Yigós language family tree}} | {{Short Description|The Yigós language family tree}} | ||
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==== Sound Changes of Proto-Yigó Semivowels ==== | ==== Sound Changes of Proto-Yigó Semivowels ==== | ||
===== After a Consonant ===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" |} | {| class="wikitable" |} | ||
| | | | ||
! scope="col" | [[Proto Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | ||
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | ! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | ||
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Gālalganāk]] | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | y₁, w₁ | |||
| Changes previous consonant and disappears | |||
| i, u | |||
| Disappears | |||
| unrounds or rounds adjacent vowel | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | y₂, w₂ | |||
| /j/ (y), /w/ | |||
| i, u | |||
| /j/, /β/ | |||
| unrounds or rounds adjacent vowel | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="col" | | ! scope="row" | y₃, w₃ | ||
! scope="col" | | | Changes previous consonant and becomes /j/ (y) and /w/ | ||
| i, u | |||
| /ag/, /ab/ | |||
| unrounds or rounds adjacent vowel | |||
|} | |||
===== Intervocalic ===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" |} | |||
| | |||
! scope="col" | [[Proto-Yéshvwae|Old Yéshvwae]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Krenu]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Azaryura-Geruriza|Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza)]] | |||
! scope="col" | [[Gālalganāk]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | y₁, w₁ | ! scope="row" | y₁, w₁ | ||
| | | /j/ (y), /w/ | ||
| | | i, u | ||
| | | /j/, /w/ | ||
| /g/, /b/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | y₂, w₂ | ! scope="row" | y₂, w₂ | ||
| | | /j/ (y), /w/ | ||
| | | i, u | ||
| | | /j/, /β/ | ||
| /g/, /b/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | y₃, w₃ | ! scope="row" | y₃, w₃ | ||
| | | /j/ (y), /w/ | ||
| | | i, u | ||
| /g/, /b/ | |||
| /g/, /b/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
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=== Word Order === | === Word Order === | ||
The word order for '''Proto-Yigó''' was '''VSO''' for statements and probably '''SVO''' for questions. | The word order for '''Proto-Yigó''' was '''VSO''' for statements and probably '''SVO''' for questions. (This is modern-day '''Krenu's''' standard word structure, the only descendant that uses it, hence the uncertainty.) | ||
=== Parts of Speech === | === Parts of Speech === | ||
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'''Proto-Yigó''' had three persons for pronouns: | '''Proto-Yigó''' had three persons for pronouns: | ||
{| class="wikitable|} | {| class="wikitable |} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''1st person''' || *enw₁a | |'''1st person''' || *enw₁a | ||
Latest revision as of 15:53, 18 July 2025
(For all reconstructed words from Proto-Yigó, see reconstructed Proto-Yigó words.)
Overview
Proto-Yigó is a reconstructed proto-language spoken on the main island of Yigó.
Phonology
(*Bold characters represent theorized phoneme placements.)
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | t tʰ d dʰ | k kʰ g gʰ | ||
| Fricative | w₁ w₃ | s z | y₁ y₃ | |
| Nasal | n | |||
| Tap/Flap | ɾ (r) | |||
| Liquid | (w₁) (w₂) (w₃) | l | y₁ y₂ y₃ | w₁ w₂ w₃ |
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i i: (ī) y₂ | u u: (ū) w₂ |
| Mid | e e: (ē) | o o: (ō) |
| Open | æ (ae) æ: (āe) æ:: (âe) | a a: (ā) a:: (â) |
Diphthongs
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Mid | ew (eu) | oj (oi) |
| Open | æw (au) | aj (ai) |
The Mysterious Semivowels
It is absolutely certain that Proto-Yigó had six kinds of semivowels: three related to /j/, and three related to /w/. These are notated as follows: y₁, y₂, y₃, w₁, w₂, w₃. No one knows exactly how these semivowels were pronounced, though there have been theorized sounds.
Sound Changes of Proto-Yigó Semivowels
After a Consonant
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| y₁, w₁ | Changes previous consonant and disappears | i, u | Disappears | unrounds or rounds adjacent vowel |
| y₂, w₂ | /j/ (y), /w/ | i, u | /j/, /β/ | unrounds or rounds adjacent vowel |
| y₃, w₃ | Changes previous consonant and becomes /j/ (y) and /w/ | i, u | /ag/, /ab/ | unrounds or rounds adjacent vowel |
Intervocalic
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | Gālalganāk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| y₁, w₁ | /j/ (y), /w/ | i, u | /j/, /w/ | /g/, /b/ |
| y₂, w₂ | /j/ (y), /w/ | i, u | /j/, /β/ | /g/, /b/ |
| y₃, w₃ | /j/ (y), /w/ | i, u | /g/, /b/ | /g/, /b/ |
Grammar
Word Order
The word order for Proto-Yigó was VSO for statements and probably SVO for questions. (This is modern-day Krenu's standard word structure, the only descendant that uses it, hence the uncertainty.)
Parts of Speech
Nouns
Proto-Yigó nouns were fairly regular. It had no case systems, declensions, or grammatical genders, and had very regular prefixes and suffixes to add meaning.
Adjectives, Adverbs, and other Modifiers
Adjectives in Proto-Yigó are placed after the noun they modify. These adjectives also work as adverbs for verbs.
Proto-Yigó had no articles, such as words words for "the" or "a/an". It did have a word for "this/that": *gemlâez.
Verbs
Verbs in Proto-Yigó did not conjugate for the subject or object, but did conjugate for tense:
| Tense | Suffix | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Gnomic | *-nw₁iky₁a | Used for universal truths and habitual, imprecise actions. |
| Future | *-kʰol | Used for actions that are yet to take place. |
| Perfect Past | *-nw₁ey₃ae | Used for actions begun in the past that were completed. |
| Imperfect Past | *-dʰār | Used for actions begun in the past that have yet to be completed. |
| Perfect Present | *-gy₁onw₁a | Used for actions that occur in the moment; for immediate actions. |
| Imperfect Present | *-zāe | Used for actions begun in the present that have yet to be completed. |
Conjunctions and Prepositions
Conjunctions and prepositions functioned nearly identically to those in English and other languages: conjunctions joined two words, phrases, or clauses; prepositions joined a prepositional phrase to a more primary clause.
Pronouns
Proto-Yigó had three persons for pronouns:
| 1st person | *enw₁a |
| 2nd person | *w₂iky₁ae |
| 3rd person | *ny₁āez |
The prefix "*nāny₁a" was used for creating plural pronouns; a dual prefix, from the numeral two (*zy₁osw₁ay₃ae), might have been used to create dual pronouns (probably *zy₁osw₁a-, if it existed.)