Reconstructed Proto-Yigó words: Difference between revisions
| Line 436: | Line 436: | ||
| ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ "person/body" | | ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ "person/body" | ||
| энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/; | | энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/; | ||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*dʰerky₁a'''; "old (person)" | |||
| dʰelc /dʰelç/ | |||
| derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/ | |||
| ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '''*w₁aunisy₁a'''; "young" | |||
| waunish /wæwniʃ/ | |||
| unise /unise/ > /uniʒɛ/ | |||
| ауниса (aunisa) /æwisa/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 19:12, 13 July 2025
This list contains all reconstructed words in Proto-Yigó, reconstructed from the earliest attested words in all languages.
Numbers
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *sy₁unēgy₁a; "one" | shunēj /ʃune:ʝ/ | siunige /sjunige/ > /ʃunijɛ/;
siun /sjun/ > /ʃun/ "a/an" |
сунега (sunyega) /sunjega/ |
| *zy₁osw₁ay₃ae; "two" | zhofyeh /ʒoɸjə/ | ziosue /zjoswe/ > /ʒɔzwɛ/ | зосажа (zosaja) /zosaʒa/ |
| *nw₁āny₁irtʰ; "three" | mangiltʰ /maŋiltʰ/ | nunirt /nuniɾt/ > /nuniɾt/ | нянирþ (nyanirth) /njaniɾθ/ |
| *nolâegy₁e; "four" | nolāeje /nolæ:ʝe/ | noligi /noligi/ > /nɔliji/ | нолягэ (nolyage) /noljage/ |
| *gy₁ūzw₁a; "five" | jūv /ʝu:β/ | giuzo /gjuzo/ > /juzɔ/ | гюза (gyuza) /gjuza/ |
| *zy₁iny₂âe; "ten" | zhinyāe /ʒinjæ:/ | zini /zini/ > /ʒini/ | зиня (zinya) /zinja/ |
Pronouns and Important Morphemes
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *enw₁a; "I/me" | em /em/ | eno /eno/ > /ɛnɔ/ | эна (ena) /ena/ |
| *w₂iky₁ae; "you" | wiceh /wiçə/ | uike /wike/ > /wijɛ/ | вика (wika) /βika/ |
| *ny₁āez; "he/him, she/her, they/them, it" (i.e. any singular 3rd person pronoun) | ngaez /ŋæz/ | niz /niz/ > /niz/ | няз (nyaz) /njaz/ |
| *dʰerky₁a; "this/that (demonstrative pronoun/article)" | dʰelc /dʰelç/ | derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/ | ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/ |
| *nāny₁a; "many" | nang /naŋ/;
nan- /nan/ (plural prefix) |
none /none/ > /nɔnɛ/ | няна (nyana) /njana/ |
| *dʰāny₁a; "all" | dʰang /dʰaŋ/ | done /done/ > /dɔnɛ/;
done- /done/ > /dɔnɛ/ (plural prefix) |
ðяна (dhyana) /ðjana/ |
| *gʰeus; "trio" | gʰeus- /gʰews/ (trial prefix for superlatives) | gus /gus/ > /gus/ (paucal adjective) | gэус (gheus) /ɣews/ "group" |
| *-nw₁āky₁a; (derivative suffix) | -mac /maç/ | -nuke /nuke/ > /nujɛ/ | няка (nyaka) /njaka/ |
| *kʰw₁e-; (negative prefix) | pʰe- /pʰe/ | kue- /kwe/ > /kwɛ/ | хэ- (he-) /xe/ |
| *sw₁ai; "question" | fai /ɸaj/; fai- (interrogative prefix) | sue /swe/ > /swɛ/ | саи (sai) /saj/ "question/to ask" |
| *-tany₃i; (diminutive suffix) | -tangyi /taŋji/ | -tani /tani/ > /tani/ | -танжи (tanji) /tanʒi/ |
| *-dʰy₁oin; (augmentative suffix) | -zhoin /ʒojn/ | -din /din/ > /dʒin/ | -ðоин (dhoin) /ðojn/ |
Tense Suffixes
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *-nw₁iky₁a; (gnomic suffix) | -mic /miç/ | -nuike /nwike/ > /nwijɛ/ | |
| *-kʰol; (future suffix) | -kʰol /kʰol/ | -kol /kol/ > /kɔl/ | хол (hol) /xol/ |
| *-nw₁ey₃ae; (perfect past suffix) | -meyeh /mejə/ | -nui /nwi/ > /nwi/ | нэжа (neja) /neʒa/ |
| *-dʰār; (imperfect past suffix) | -dʰal /dʰal/ | ðяр (dhyar) /ðjaɾ/ | |
| *-gy₁onw₁a; (perfect present tense) | -jom /ʝom/ | -giono /gjono/ > /jɔnɔ/ | гона (gona) /gona/ |
| *-zāe; (imperfect present tense) | -zae /zæ/ | зя (zya) /zja/ |
Conjunctions and Prepositions
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *dāgʰ; "and" | dagʰ /dagʰ/ | dog /dog/ > /dɔg/ | дяg (dyagh) /djaɣ/ |
| *noisw₃ī; "or" | noifwī /nojɸwi:/ | nisui /niswi/ > /niswi/ | ноисбй (noisbyi) /nojsbji/ |
| *zesy₁ol; "nor" | zesiol /zesjol/ > /ʒɛʒɔl/ | зесол (zesol) /zesol/ | |
| *ty₂onâ; "to" | tionu /tjonu/ > /tʃɔnu/ | -тёня (tyonya) /tjonja/ (nom. suffix) | |
| *sotautʰ; "from" | sotot /sotot/ > /sɔdɔt/ | -сотауþ (sotauth) /sotawθ/ (acc. suffix) | |
| *tōgʰ; "except" | tōgʰ /to:gʰ/ | tug /tug/ > /tug/ | тёg (tyogh) /tjoɣ/ |
| *w₂isy₁āz; "inside" (contained) | wishaz /wiʃaz/ | uisioz /wisjoz/ > /wiʃɔz/ | висяз (wisyaz) /βisjaz/ |
| *dʰōrnw₁ai; "within" (affiliated) | durnue /duɾnwe/ > /duɾnwɛ/ | ðёрнаи (dhyornai) /ðjoɾnaj/ |
Colors
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *sy₁īnlūky₁a; "white" | shīmlūc /ʃi:mlu:ç/ | sinluke /sinluke/ > /ʃinluyɛ/ | сйнлюка (syinlyuka) /sjinljuka/ |
| *kezny₁aw₂ō; "black" | kezngwō /kezŋwo:/ | kezniu /keznju/ > /çɛznju/ | кэзнавё (keznavyo) /keznaβjo/ |
| *zy₃aunw₁īs; "red" | zhaumīs /ʒawmi:s/ | zionuis /zjonwis/ > /ʒɔnwis/ | зажаунйс (zajaunyis) /zaʒawnjis/ |
| *gūtw₁aroiny₁āe; "orange" | gūploingae /gu:plojŋæ/ | gutorini /gutoɾini/ > /gudɔɾini/ | гютароиня (gyutaroinya) /gjutaɾojnja/ |
| *nw₁aisy₁atā; "yellow" | maishta /majʃta/ | nueseto /nweseto/ > /nwɛzɛdɔ/ | наисатя (naisatya) /najsatja/ |
| *gozēlny₁a; "green/blue" | gozēlng /goze:lŋ/ | gozilne /gozilne/ > /gɔzilnɛ/ | гозелна (gozyelna) /gozjelna/ |
| *gʰw₁arây₂ae; "indigo/violet" | bʰlāyeh /bʰla:jə/ | gorugi /goɾwi/ > /gɔɾwi/ | gаряя (gharyaya) /ɣaɾjaja/ |
| *sw₂itʰgʰaz; "pink" | switʰgʰaz /switʰgʰaz/ | suitgaz /switgaz/ > /switgaz/ | свиþgаз (swithghaz) /sβiθɣaz/ |
Body Parts
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *dʰw₃āgʰy₁on; "body" | bʰwajon /bʰwaʝon/ | dugion /dugjon/ > /dujɔn/ "corpse" | ðабяgон (dhabyaghon) /ðabjaɣon/ |
| *kakʰy₁eurō; "head" | kaceulō /kaçewlo:/ | kakiuru /kakjuɾu/ > /kajuɾu/ | кахеурё (kaheuryo) /kaxewɾjo/ |
| *dʰeutʰazy₃a; "brain" | dʰeutʰazha /dʰewtʰaʒa/ | ðэуþазжа (dheuthazja) /ðewθazʒa/ | |
| *dy₁ony₂erla; "torso" | zhonyel /ʒonjel/ | dionirla /djoniɾla/ > /dʒɔniɾla/ "body" | донерла (donyerla) /donjeɾla/ |
| *ny₁âzenw₁a; "arm" | ngāzem /ŋa:zem/ "arm/(tree) branch" | niuzeno /njuzeno/ > /njuʒɛnɔ/ | нязэна (nyazena) /njazena/ |
| *sungʰotw₃a; "leg" | sungʰosh /sungʰoʃ/ | sungoto /sungoto/ > /sungɔdɔ/ | сунgота (sunghota) /sunɣota/ |
| *kw₁ōrne; "eye" | pōlne /po:lne/ | kurne /kuɾne/ > /kuɾnɛ/ | кёрнэ (kyorne) /kjoɾne/ |
| *tēlârsw₁a; "ear" | tēlālf /te:la:lɸ/ | tilurso /tiluɾso/ > /tʃiluɾsɔ/ | теляса (tyelyasa) /tjeljasa/ |
| *kʰrenw₁ō; "mouth" | kʰlemō /kʰlemo:/ | krenu /kɾenu/ > /kɾɛnu/ "mouth/language" | хренё (hrenyo) /xɾenjo/ |
| *y₃esy₁azw₃āe; "tongue" | yeshvwae /jeʃβwæ/ "tongue/language" | isezue /isezwe/ > /iʒɛzwɛ/ | жэсазавя (jesazabya) "tongue/language" |
| *kʰaunw₁ais; "hair" | kʰaumais /kʰæwmajs/ | konues /konwes/ > /kɔnwɛs/ | хаунаис (haunais) /xæwnajs/ |
| *kw₁inow₂ē; "hand" | pinowē /pinowe:/ | kuinui /kwinwi/ > /kwinwi/ | кинове (kinowye) /kinoβje/
энсозятанжи (ensozyatanji) /ensozjatanʒi/ "finger" |
| *nuw₂etʰāgʰ; "foot" | nuwetʰagʰ /nuwetʰagʰ/ | nuetog /nwetog/ > /nwɛdɔg/ | нувэþяg (nuwethyagh) /nuβeθjaɣ/;
нувэþяgтанжи (nuwethyaghtanji) /nuβeθjaɣtanʒi/ "toe" |
| *sw₁ontʰois; "finger" | fontʰois /ɸontʰojs/ | suntis /suntis/ > /suntʃis/ | |
| *irkadʰālid; "toe" | ilkdʰalid /ilkdʰa:lid/ | irkadolid /iɾkadolid/ > /iɾkadɔlid/ | |
| *gʰy₂ūlsarn; "blood" | gʰyūlsehln /gʰju:lsəln/ | giulsarn /gjulsaɾn/ > /julsaɾn/ | gюлсарн (ghyulsarn) /ɣjulsaɾn/;
gюлсарнðоин (ghyulsarndhoin) /ɣjulsaɾnðojn/ "to slaughter" |
| *argy₁īnw₁a; "wound" | aljīm /alʝi:m/ "wound/scar" | argino /aɾgino/ > /aɾjinɔ/ | аргйна (argyina) /aɾgjina/ |
| *y₁usw₁ey₂a; "scar" | iusui /juswi/ > /juzwi/ | усэва (useva) /useβa/ | |
| *kenw₁ēsy₁a; "bone" | kemēsh /keme:ʃ/ | kenuise /kenwise/ > /çɛnwiʒɛ/ | кэнеса (kenyesa) /kenjesa/ |
| *landʰenârks; "guts" | lehndʰenālks /ləndʰena:lks/ | ланðеняркс (landhenyarks) /lanðenjaɾks/ |
Nature and Civilization
(This table is unfinished.)
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kʰw₃oneugʰ; "water" | pʰwoneugʰ /pʰwonewgʰ/ | kunug /kunug/ > /kunug/ | хабонэуg (haboneugh) /xabonewɣ/ |
| *zâertēny₁a; "land" | zāeltēng /zæ:lte:ŋ/ | zirtine /ziɾtine/ > /ʒiɾtʃinɛ/ | зяртена (zyartyena) /zjaɾtjena/ |
| *tʰasaigw₁ō; "ocean" | tʰehsaibō /tʰəsajbo:/ | þасаигё (thasaigyo) /θasajgjo/ | |
| *krezâely₂i; "island" | klezāelyi /klezæ:lji/ | krezili /kɾezili/ > /kɾɛʒili/ | крэзялй (krezyalyi) /kɾezjalji/ |
| *kunw₃ētw₁isy₁a; "swamp" | kumwēpish /kumwe:piʃ/ | kunuituise /kunwitwise/ > /kunwitwiʒɛ/ | кунбетиса (kunbyetisa) /kunbjetisa/ |
| *gundʰaurla; "hill" | gundʰaul /gundʰæwl/ | gundorla /gundoɾla/ > /gundɔɾla/ | |
| *ty₁alemdūgʰ; "tree" | shlemdūgʰ /ʃlemdu:gʰ/ | telendug /telendug/ > /tʃɛlɛndug/ | талэмдюg (talemdyugh) /talemdjuɣ/ |
| dw₃usteny₁a; "stick/(tree) branch" | bwusteng /bwusteŋ/ "stick/wood" | dustene /dustene/ > /dustʃɛnɛ/ | дабустэна (dabustena) /dabustena/ |
| *tury₃aistʰa; "wood" | turesta /tuɾesta/ > /tuɾɛsta/ | туржаисþа (turjaistha) /tuɾʒajsθa/ | |
| *ty₁ezānaik; "stone/rock" | shezanaik /ʃezanajk/ | tizonek /tizonek/ > /tʃizɔnɛk/ | тэзянаик (tezyanaik) /tezjanajk/ |
| *sw₁īndâl; "stone (material)" | suindul /swindul/ > /swindul/ | сйндял (syindyal) /sjindjal/ | |
| *tosāskʰy₁i; "sand" | tosasci /tosasçi/ | tososki /tososki/ > /tɔzɔsçi/ | тосясхи (tosyashi) /tosjasxi/ |
| *ensozâ; "person" | ensozā /ensoza:/ | ensozu /ensozu/ > /ɛnzɔzu/ "person/body" | энсозя (ensozya) /ensozja/; |
| *dʰerky₁a; "old (person)" | dʰelc /dʰelç/ | derke /deɾke/ > /dʒɛɾçe/ | ðэрка (dherka) /ðeɾka/ |
| *w₁aunisy₁a; "young" | waunish /wæwniʃ/ | unise /unise/ > /uniʒɛ/ | ауниса (aunisa) /æwisa/ |
Basic Adjectives
(This table is unfinished.)
| Old Yéshvwae | Krenu | Азарюра-Гэруриза (Azaryura-Geruriza) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *gʰâeraelga; "good" | gʰāelehlg /gʰæ:ləlg/ | geralga /geɾalga/ > /jɛɾalga/ | gяралга (ghyaralga) /ɣjaɾalga/ |
| *ny₂ūrkʰat; "bad" | nyūlkʰat /nju:lkʰat/ | niurkat /njuɾkat/ > /njuɾkat/ | нюрхат (nyurhat) /njuɾxat/ |
| *tw₁umorla; "big" | pumol /pumol/ | tumorla /tumoɾla/ > /tumɔɾla/ | туморла (tumorla) /tumoɾla/ |
| *gāsâerlez; "small" | gasāelez /gasæ:lez/ | gosirlez /gosirlez/ > /gɔsiɾlɛz/ | гясялез (gyasyalez) /gjasjalez/ |